A groundbreaking new study published today (February 8) has revealed for the first time both the enormous number of fish caught from the wild each year and the astonishingly high proportion of these used to feed farmed animals rather than people.

Published today in the journal Animal Welfare, Estimating global numbers of fishes caught from the wild annually from 2000 to 2019 is the first peer reviewed study to estimate the scale of wild-caught fishing as well as the huge welfare impacts of modern fishery practices.

It highlights that although the sentience of fish is widely accepted, wild-caught fish are generally killed without stunning and suffer very poor welfare for extended periods both during and after capture.

Co-authored our Research Manager, Phil Brooke, and lead author, Alison Mood of Fishcount, the study reveals that:

Key findings

• an astounding 1.1 to 2.2 trillion* individual wild fish are caught globally each year
• wild-caught fish represent 87% of all vertebrate animals reported to be used for food or animal feed in 2019 (calculated from FAO statistics)
• shockingly, around half of all fish caught – between 490 and 1,100 billion ** mainly small individuals – are used for reduction to fishmeal and oil, which are mostly fed to farmed animals rather than people
• small fish play a vital role near the base of the marine food web. Setting catch limits designed to protect the wider ecosystem could reduce the number of small fish caught and decrease total captures by between 150 and 330 billion fish. 

The study highlights industry data showing that 70% of fishmeal and 73% of fish oil is used in aquaculture to feed farmed fish and crustaceans. It goes on to recommend the development of gentler catching practices including humane slaughter together with the adoption of policies to reduce numbers of fish caught that would benefit both conservation and fish welfare.

Phil commented: “Our latest Fishcount study sheds light on the staggering numbers of wild fishes caught annually with ethical implications for both fishery and fish farming practices. Firstly, the welfare of wild-caught fishes both during and after capture is very poor. Each individual fish – large or small – can feel pain, just like other animals, yet they suffer very poor welfare during capture and are killed without stunning. This must be urgently addressed.

“Secondly, the sheer scale of the use of small yet sentient fishes to feed farmed animals, mostly farmed fish, is another powerful argument for catching fewer fishes for reduction to fishmeal and oil. It would be much more efficient – and would benefit animals, people, and our planet – if we left more of them in the sea and most of those still caught were fed to people.”

An inefficient and cruel system

The study also addresses the inefficiency of using wild-caught fish to feed farmed animals. A large proportion of modern fish farms produce carnivorous fish – like salmon, trout or tuna – which are fed a diet containing wild-caught fish.

An estimated 440 wild-caught fish are needed to rear a single farmed salmon, and approximately 90% of the wild fish used in feeds could be fed directly to people. This can negatively impact food security, often in already vulnerable communities.

Moving away from intensive fish production towards farming lower in the food chain will help improve animal welfare, reduce pollution, lower antibiotic use, and create a more sustainable industry.

Last year, we launched a new report, Rethinking Aquaculture: for animals, people and the planet, advocating for a shift towards more sustainable aquaculture practices.

Read about our Rethink Fish campaign.